Union Management and Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Association Management and Organization - Essay Example Association Management and Organization USA as nation was becoming because of quick industrialization during nineteenth century as consequently interest for works was likewise developing at fast pace. Students of history named the stage as ‘Industrial Revolution† and as the recurrence of consideration of works in the workforce expanded accordingly the dread of frailty from proprietors of the business was naturally created among laborers. Around then, works went over different instances of abuse, for example, physical maltreatment, broadened work hours and so forth led by the proprietors of associations and in such circumstance, they felt the desire of a defender bunch who can impart the interest of works to proprietors. As the time cruised by, the defender bunch turned into the principal sorted out association in USA. In 1837, the association of works requested to diminish the work hour and make it of under 10 hours lastly associations were constrained to allow the enactment of ten-hour workdays. After the acco mplishment of first endeavor to shape sorted out worker's organization, little level city associations had composed and effectively settled National Labor Union during 1866 (Murray, 2011). National Labor Union campaigned for Federal eight-hour workday however the interest was set for just government laborers. Around then, two separate gatherings were additionally shaped American Federation of Labor (AFL) and Knights of Labor so as to secure enthusiasm of laborers. During late nineteenth century and mid twentieth century, valuation of incompetent work pool in USA diminished because of the way that proprietors of the association had begun to supplant the untalented laborers by outsiders. Therefore, untalented specialists in USA got powerless against low wages and poor working condition and these works sorted out mobs and strike so as to get their requests saw (Murray, 2011). For instance, strike by United Mine laborers and Pullman Railroad laborers in Pennsylvania were finished by Fed eral Government mediations. In numerous cases, AFL squeezed Federal Congress to revise Union Labor Law and U.S. Division of Labor was made so as to ensure the rights and enthusiasm of breadwinners. For instance, Clayton Act was passed in 1914 so as to sanction blacklists and strikes. In any case, the circumstance had changed during Great Depression on the grounds that during Great Depression, joblessness rate in USA altogether expanded. Around then, lawful act like Fair Labor Standards Act and Public Contracts Act were passed so as to address issues like kid work, additional time pay and the lowest pay permitted by law. Unionization had lost its breeze during World War II and work association took no-strike strategy around then. After the War, Civil Rights Acts and Equal Pay Act were passed during 1960’s so as to address separation in working environment. In the wake of understanding the recorded setting of Union Labor Management, the paper will reveal insight into activities of associations and the executives to decide fundamental consistence with the major U.S. government work laws. As per draft distributed by U.S Department of Labor (2011), there ought to be an Administrator which will coordinate and oversee the activities of associations and the executives in the association. As per the course of Administrator, the executives and associations ought to designate, choose and characterize works in understanding to their legitimacy. Associations should contact the board with respect to any segregation as far as compensation, racial, working hour and so forth and them two should take activities

Two Levels of Control: Strategic and Operational

Two Levels of Control: Strategic and Operational Imagine that you are the commander of a boat. The vital controls ensure that your boat is going the correct way; the executives and working controls ensure that the boat is in acceptable condition previously, during, and after the journey. In light of that similarity, key controlstrategic controlThe process by which an association tracks the procedure as it is being actualized, distinguishing any difficult regions or potential issue regions that may propose that the system is off base, and making any essential changes. s worried about following the system as it is being actualized, identifying any difficult territories or potential issue zones recommending that the procedure is inaccurate, and making any essential changes. [716] Strategic controls permit you to step back and take a gander at the comprehensive view and ensure all the bits of the image are effectively adjusted. Operational control : A procedure worried about executing th e technique. , as opposed to vital control, is worried about executing the procedure. Where operational controls are forced, they work inside the structure set up by the strategy.Normally these objectives, goals, and gauges are set up for significant subsystems inside the association, for example, specialty units, ventures, items, capacities, and obligation focuses. [717] Typical operational control measures remember return for speculation, net benefit, cost, and item quality. These control measures are basically summations of better grained control measures. Restorative activity dependent on working controls may have suggestions for key controls when they include changes in the strategy.Types of Control It is additionally important to get that, inside the vital and operational degrees of control, there are a few sorts of control. The initial two sorts can be mapped across two measurements: level of proactivity and result versus conduct. The accompanying table sums up these alongsid e instances of what such controls may resemble. Proactivity can be characterized as the observing of issues in a manner that gives their auspicious anticipation, instead of sometime later reaction.In the executives, this is known as feedforward controlfeedforward controlsThe dynamic checking of issues in a manner that gives their opportune counteraction, as opposed to afterward response. ; it tends to what would we be able to do early to enable our arrangement to succeed. The embodiment of feedforward control is to see the issues coming so as to take care of them. For example, feedforward controls remember preventive upkeep for hardware and gear and due industriousness on ventures. Tableâ 15. 1. Types and Examples of Control Proactivity |Behavioral control |Outcome control | |Feedforward control |Organizational culture |Market request or monetary gauges | |Concurrent control |Hands-on the board management during an undertaking |The continuous speed of a creation line | |Feedback co ntrol |Qualitative proportions of consumer loyalty |Financial measures, for example, gainfulness, deals | |growth | Concurrent Controls The way toward observing and modifying progressing exercises and procedures is known as simultaneous controlconcurrent controlsProcesses that involve checking and changing continuous activities..Such controls are not really proactive, yet they can keep issues from getting more terrible. Therefore, we frequently portray simultaneous control as continuous control since it manages the present. A case of simultaneous control may be modifying the water temperature of the water while scrubbing down. Input Controls Finally, criticism controlsfeedback controlsProcesses that include the social event of data about a finished movement, assessing that data, and finding a way to improve the comparable exercises later on. include gathering data about a finished movement, assessing that data, and finding a way to improve the comparative exercises in the future.Thi s is the least proactive of controls and is commonly a reason for responses. Input controls license chiefs to utilize data on past execution to align future execution with arranged destinations. Control as a Feedback Loop In this last sense, every one of these kinds of control work as an input instrument to support pioneers and chiefs make alterations in the methodology, as maybe is reflected by changes in the arranging, sorting out, and driving parts. This input circle is described in the accompanying figure. Figureâ 15. 4. Controls as Part of a Feedback Loop [pic] Why may it be useful for you to consider controls some portion of a criticism circle in the P-O-L-C process?Well, on the off chance that you are the business visionary who is composing the strategy for a totally new business, at that point you would probably begin with the arranging segment and work your approach to controllingâ€that is, explain how you are going to tell whether the new pursuit is on target. Be that as it may, all the more regularly, you will step into an association that is as of now working, and this implies an arrangement is now set up. With the arrangement set up, it might be then dependent upon you to make sense of the sorting out, driving, or control difficulties confronting the association. Result and Behavioral Controls likewise contrast contingent upon what is checked, results or practices. Result controlsoutcome controlsProcesses that are commonly best when only a couple of execution measures (state, quantifiable profit or profit for resources) are acceptable checks of a business’s wellbeing. re by and large best when only a couple of execution measures (state, rate of profitability or profit for resources) are acceptable checks of a business’s wellbeing. Result controls are successful when there’s minimal outer impedance between administrative dynamic from one viewpoint and business execution on the other. It likewise helps assuming next to zero coordination with different specialty units exists. Social controlsbehavioral controlsThe direct assessment of administrative and representative dynamic, not of the aftereffects of administrative choices. include the immediate assessment of administrative and worker dynamic, not of the consequences of administrative choices. Social controls attach awards to a more extensive scope of rules, for example, those recognized in the Balanced Scorecard.Behavioral controls and proportionate prizes are regularly progressively fitting when there are numerous outside and inward factors that can influence the connection between a manager’s choices and authoritative execution. They’re additionally fitting when directors must facilitate assets and abilities across various specialty units. Monetary and Nonfinancial Controls Finally, over the various sorts of controls as far as level of proactivity and result versus conduct, perceive that controls can take on one of two prevalent struc tures: money related and nonfinancial controls. Money related controlfinancial controlThe the board of a firm’s expenses and costs to control them comparable to planned sums. nvolves the administration of a firm’s expenses and costs to control them comparable to planned sums. In this manner, the executives figures out which parts of its money related condition, for example, resources, deals, or benefit, are generally significant, attempts to gauge them through spending plans, and afterward looks at genuine execution to planned execution. At a key level, all out deals and pointers of productivity would be important key controls. Without viable money related controls, the firm’s execution can fall apart. PSINet, for instance, developed quickly into a worldwide system giving Internet administrations to 100,000 business accounts in 27 nations. Be that as it may, costly obligation instruments, for example, garbage securities were utilized to fuel the firm’s qu ick expansion.According to an individual from the firm’s top managerial staff, PSINet went through a large portion of its acquired cash â€Å"without the money related controls that ought to have been set up. †[718] With a capital structure incapable to help its quickly developing and monetarily uncontrolled activities, PSINet and 24 of its U. S. auxiliaries inevitably sought financial protection. [719] While we frequently consider money related controls as a type of result control, they can likewise be utilized as a conduct control. For example, in the event that directors must demand endorsement for uses over a planned sum, at that point the budgetary control gives a social control component also. Expanding quantities of associations have been estimating client faithfulness, referrals, representative fulfillment, and other such execution zones that are not financial.In complexity to money related controls, nonfinancial controlsnonfinancial controlsProcesses that trac k parts of the association that aren’t quickly monetary in nature yet are required to prompt positive budgetary execution results. track parts of the association that aren’t quickly money related in nature however are relied upon to prompt positive execution results. The hypothesis behind such nonfinancial controls is that they ought to give directors a brief look at the organization’s progress a long time before money related results can be estimated. [720] And this hypothesis has some pragmatic help. For example, GE has discovered that profoundly fulfilled clients are the best indicator of future deals in a significant number of its organizations, so it consistently tracks consumer loyalty. Key Takeaway Organizational controls can take numerous forms.Strategic controls assist supervisors with knowing whether a picked technique is working, while at the same time working controls add to effective execution of the present procedure. Inside these sorts of procedur e, controls can shift regarding proactivity, where input controls were the least proactive. Result controls are decided by the aftereffect of the organization’s exercises, while social controls invo

Should You Take a Sabbatical 3 Women Weigh In

Should You Take a Sabbatical 3 Women Weigh In How would you love to spend six months backpacking through Asia, experiencing their culture and taking in the sights?How about spending the six months volunteering in some remote village in Africa, punctuated by some exciting safaris in the wilds of the vast continent?If that is not your thing, how about spending a year in Central or South America, experiencing the tropical climate, experiencing the culture and learning a new language?To most of you, I know this sounds like nothing more than a nice dream.After all, where does one get the time to go away for six months or more when you have a job that needs you to report to work every week?Unless you are a digital nomad who can keep working from any corner of the world, the idea of taking some extended time off to do any of the activities described above seems impossible.But is it? As three women who did exactly that show us below, it is very possible.And if it feels like something you would like to do, it might be time for you to tak e a sabbatical.Wait, what exactly is that?WHAT IS A SABBATICAL?A sabbatical is a basically an extended break from work that is granted by your employer to give you time to refresh and reenergize to prevent burnout, reflect on your career and decide the direction you want your professional life to take, enhance your academic qualifications, learn a new skill, or even pursue some personal ambitions.A sabbatical lasts anywhere between six months to a year, though most typically last one year.This makes a sabbatical very different from a vacation, which is significantly shorter, lasting just a few days or a month at most.Since the sabbatical is granted by your employer, this means that you will still have your job once you come back from a sabbatical, thus making it different from a career break.In the past, sabbaticals were a preserve of the world of academia.It was a common occurrence for tenured professors to be given time away from their teaching duties (usually about a year) so tha t they could focus on other opportunities.Recently, however, sabbaticals have started finding their way into the corporate world, and employees and organizations are embracing them enthusiastically.According to the SHRM’s (Society of Human Resource Management) 2018 Employee Benefits Report, about 15% of American companies on average offer sabbatical leave to their employees. Of the 15%, 10% are unpaid and 5% are paid sabbaticals.A survey by Opodo also shows that majority of employees would consider taking a sabbatical if it was an option. Source: OpodoBelow, let’s take a look at how three women decided to take sabbaticals, and their experiences from this extended time away from work.MEET MOLLY, ERIN, AND MEGHANMolly Borchers, a PR professional in her late 20s was going through some difficult times in her personal life.This, coupled with 60-hour work weeks, left her feeling unmotivated, drained, and exhausted. She felt like her life was about to come tumbling down around her.On her wits end, she decided to consult a counselor, who asked her to come up with a list of all the things she felt she wanted in life, without thinking about any of the constraints that are brought about by things such as time, a job, money and so on.Following the exercise recommended by her counselor, Molly realized that what mattered most to her were experiences rather than things.She realized that she wanted to truly live, yet in her current life, she wasn’t really living.She was just going through the motions, stumbling through each day o n autopilot.Following this revelation, she decided to take a six week break from her job. Molly spent her break exploring Hawaii and the Pacific Northwest.Similar reasons led to 31 year old Doctor of Psychology Erin Gabrielson taking a sabbatical. Just like Molly, Erin was feeling tired and burnt out.She had just completed her doctorate degree in Clinical Psychology, and she knew that with her current feelings and attitude, she was not in the best state of mind to proceed with her career.She therefore decided to take a sabbatical to travel through Asia, with a trip to climb to the Mt. Everest base camp included in her itinerary.Initially, Erin intended to take a break lasting 12 months. However, the 12 months turned into 25 months, during which she lived in Europe for a short while, hiked the US East Coast, hitchhiked through Central America, and road-tripped across the United States.However, feeling unmotivated and burnt out is not the only reason behind taking a sabbatical.For Meg han, the decision to take a sabbatical was driven by the fact that she wanted to take some time to achieve some personal goals.At the time, Meghan was ready to quit her job. Instead of simply finding a new job, she decided to take some time off to hike the Appalachian Trail with her boyfriend, something that they had always dreamt of doing.She knew that if they did not take that chance, they would probably never get another opportunity to fulfill this goal of theirs.WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF TAKING A SABBATICAL? When you go on a sabbatical in a faraway land, you will definitely come with loads of stories to enthrall your friends with over drinks, and you will have checked off some goals from your bucket list.But besides that, are there any other benefits that justify taking off a whole year away from work?The answer to this it a resounding yes.Sabbaticals have a lot of benefits, which include:Allows You to Refresh and ReenergizeDuring a sabbatical, you are no longer in the fast paced environment that characterizes your workplace.You are under no pressure to achieve this or deliver that. Instead, you can engage in activities you enjoy and get comfortable in your own skin.This time off will refresh and rejuvenate you, and you will come back with greater motivation once you are ready to get back to work.For instance, after her 25 month sabbatical, Erin came back with renewed energy and excitement about her work, which is what she had hoped for when taking the sabbatical.Provides You With an Opportunity to View Things from a New PerspectiveA sabbatical can also give you the much-needed chance to view things from a different perspective. For instance, you might decide to take the sabbatical with people close to you like Meghan did.In such a situation, you might realize that spending time with family and friends is more important to you than career growth or a bigger salary.After the sabbatical, you might decide to shift to a career that allows you to spend more time with your friends and family, even if it means lower pay or lower chances for career growth.Of course, this is just one example.There are several other ways a sabbatical can give you a fresh perspective.For instance, after spending time exploring a new continent, you might decide that this is what you want to do for the rest of your life, and thereafter ditch your 9 â€" 5 for a freelancing career that allows you to live the digital nomad lifestyle.Provides You With Opportunities to Learn New SkillsAt the workplace, everything you do is tied to your job description.Even your ideas and imagination are tied to what you do on a daily basis. You never have time to learn something new or explore new ideas.During a sabbatical, however, you get to experience new opportunities and new challenges that you wouldn’t have encountered at your workplace.These challenges and opportunities give you a chance to learn and practice new skills.For instance, if you spend your sabbatical volunteering i n another continent, you might gain a diverse range of skills that might come in handy later in life.In addition, some people use their sabbaticals as a time to learn new skills that might help you advance your career or open up new career paths.For instance, if you are a software developer who feels that you would be happier in working in the artificial intelligence industry, you can use your sabbatical to learn new skills that will help you pivot your career to AI.However, the skills you decide to learn during your sabbatical don’t have to be related to your current career.If you had some passions that you had put on hold, your sabbatical might be the perfect time to pursue them and learn the associated skills.For instance, if you have always wanted to learn how to be a filmmaker or a riding instructor, go for it. You never know how you might benefit from these skills in future.Think About New CareersSometimes, we get stuck in our careers even though we are making no progress or do not feel fully satisfied with these careers.Sure, we know we are not happy, but we don’t take any action to remedy the situation because of the pressures of daily life.In such cases, taking a sabbatical can give you the break to think about the direction your career is taking and decide whether you want to continue in the same direction or whether you need a change.During the sabbatical, you also have enough time to explore different options and start taking action to pivot your career path without the daily pressures of your job.For instance, during her six week break, Molly realized that she wasn’t really happy in the traditional workplace.Instead of going back to her job when she came back, she decided to start her own consultancy firm.DOES TAKING A SABBATICAL NEGATIVELY AFFECT YOUR CAREER?Most career coaches will tell you that having gaps in your resume can impede your chances of getting a job.The general assumption is that most employers do not like employees who have g aps in their CVs, and job seekers are encouraged to find something to do (such as volunteering or interning) to cover up any gaps in their resumes.So, in this case, is there a risk that, by taking a sabbatical, you will be creating a gap in your resume that might make it harder for you to get jobs further down the road?However, those who have actually taken sabbaticals say that these breaks away from work did not affect their chances of finding work.For Erin, the only downside to her 25 month sabbatical was that she had to relearn some aspects of her work that had changed in the period she was away.Actually, she believes the sabbatical played a role in helping her get hired by her current employer.By including her sabbatical in the “Life Experiences” section of her CV, and detailing how her experiences during the sabbatical related to her career, Erin found that many employers responded generally well.Still, she doesn’t deny the fact that she feels that some employers didn’t hire her because she had taken an extended time off. Generally, a sabbatical will not negatively affect your chances of getting a job.If you go on a sabbatical and then go back to the same employer, you don’t even have to include it on your resume.Since you were still employed by the same employer, there doesn’t have to be any gap in your resume.If you decided to take up a new job or choose a new career path following your sabbaticals, the best thing to do is to talk about your sabbatical during interviews and explain how the experiences and skills gained during your sabbatical relate to the position you are interviewing for.In the case of a new career, you can even talk about how the sabbatical inspired you to follow a new career path.BEFORE YOU TAKE A SABBATICALYou have looked at some of the potential benefits of a sabbatical, and you feel that taking one is the best thing for your career.However, taking a sabbatical is very different from taking a vacation.You have to make s ome preparations before embarking on your break.Below are some of the things you should take into consideration before taking a sabbatical.Find Out Whether Your Company Has a Sabbatical PolicyBefore you start planning a trip to Asia or even talking to your boss, the first thing you need to find out is whether it is actually possible for you to take a sabbatical.Like I mentioned earlier, sabbaticals have made their way into the corporate world pretty recently, and therefore, unlike other types of employee time off, there are no laws regarding sabbaticals.This means that your employer is under no obligation to offer employees sabbatical leave.Some companies have sabbatical leave as part of their employee perks and others do not, and that’s just how it is.Therefore, before doing anything else, you need to find out if your company has a sabbatical policy.If your company has a website or intranet page spelling out what employees are entitled to, you can head there to check whether empl oyees are entitled to sabbatical leave.Alternatively, you can check your employee handbook for this information. If the information is not available there, you can speak with someone from the HR department to find out whether the company offers sabbatical leave.When trying to gather this information, keep in mind that being granted sabbatical leave is not your right.Some companies will not have this as part of their benefits policy, and there’s not much you can do about it. If your company does not have a sabbatical policy, you have three options, the way I see it.If you work for a small company, it might be possible for you to negotiate for a sabbatical leave.If you work for a bigger organization, or if you are unable to negotiate for a sabbatical, you might consider quitting your job if you feel the sabbatical is something that you really need. If you are not ready to quit your job, you might just have to give up on the idea of a sabbatical.If your company has a sabbatical polic y, or if you have managed to negotiate for sabbatical leave, your next step is to…Figure Out What You Want to Do During Your SabbaticalA sabbatical is longer than a vacation. Depending on your company, you might be granted 3 months, six months, or even a whole year.Have you thought of how you are going to spend all this time?How you choose to spend your sabbatical should be influenced by the reason why you are taking a sabbatical in the first place.Some things you might do during your sabbatical include traveling, volunteering, pursuing a hobby or artistic endeavor, learning a new skill, starting a new business venture, ticking an item off your bucket list, and so on.Think About Your FinancesTaking a sabbatical can be an expensive affair. If you plan on traveling to a different country or continent, you will need money to get you there and to cater for your cost of living while you are there.You will also need money for the activities you intend to undertake during the sabbatical. While you are away, you will still need to make sure that all your monthly bills back at home are taken care of.To make matters worse, unless your company is one of the few that offers paid sabbaticals, you won’t be making any money throughout this period.Therefore, you need to make sure that you have enough money to take care of everything.A good approach is to start saving money for the sabbatical, long before you are ready to take the break.This is what Molly, Erin and Meghan all did.Talk to Your EmployerIf you have no plans of coming back to the same job after your sabbatical, you can just skip this step and instead follow the procedures for quitting your job.If you want to come back to your job, however, you need to talk to your employer to ask them to grant you a sabbatical leave.If your employer has a sabbatical policy, you should request for sabbatical leave according to the procedures stipulated in the policy.If your employer does not have a policy, but you have establish ed that it is possible to be granted sabbatical leave, you will need to talk to your boss and let them know of your desire to take sabbatical leave.Start the conversation early, and make sure to explain to your boss the benefits that both you and the organization will gain from your sabbatical.You should also make it clear that you intend to return to the organization after the sabbatical.In some situations, your employer will make a promise for re-employment once you are back, but you might have to take a different positions from the one you hold now.Keep in TouchOne of the biggest mistakes most people make after taking a sabbatical is going silent until they are just about to come back.Don’t do that. Instead, keep in touch with your boss and your co-workers, and from time to time, offer to work on small projects that do not need urgent attention.The point here is to make sure that you are not forgotten and to keep yourself abreast of the important things happening within the com pany.Doing this will make it easier for you to make a smooth re-entry after your sabbatical.Keep Your Skills UpdatedJust because you are on sabbatical doesn’t mean you should avoid everything that has to do with work.If you intend to have an easy time once you come back, you should not allow yourself to get rusty during your sabbatical.Find opportunities to practice and even enhance your skills and expand your knowledge.Keep your licences and memberships in professional bodies up-to-date, and keep an eye on what is happening within your industry.You don’t want to come back and find that you have no idea about the changes your field has undergone while you were away.WRAPPING UPIf you need to take some extended time away from work to refresh and reenergize, pursue personal goals, learn new skills, or gain a fresh perspective, a sabbatical is the perfect way to do that without risking your job.Like Molly, Erin, and Meghan have shown us, it can have massive benefits on your career.B efore embarking on a sabbatical, however, it is important to make sure that your company offers sabbatical leave, figure out how you intend to spend the time, and make sure that your finances are in order.From there, you can just let your employer know about your desire to take an extended break and then embark on your sabbatical.

An Examination of the Machine Gun - 920 Words

Weapons of war are useful in killing human lives and causing widespread destruction and terror. The machine gun is such a weapon that has allowed for the mass extinction of those on the receiving end of its power. The purpose of this essay is to examine the machine gun in a historic perspective in order to contextualize its practicality and importance in modern history. This examination will describe the development, the current impact and the future of this tool of war in order to reveal the importance of their presence. The development of means to extinguish human existence usually arrives out of necessity. Cantrell (2012) described the birth of the machine gun by Richard Gatling as a quantum development in the evolution of firearms. Ironically, Cantrell supposed that Gatling created a weapon so devastating and superior in its firepower that opposing armies would have no chance of victory. While Gatlings intentions seemed well placed, it seems that this idea perhaps has backfired . The machine gun was introduced in the American Civil War around the year 1862 in order to serve as a deterrent for weaker forces to attack. Firepower was concentrated in this tool so that one person operating a Gatling machine gun would replace many men on the battlefield. Essentially this invention permitted for more casualties occurring at a more rapid pace. The early version of this gun had 5 to 10 barrels arranged in a cylinder revolved by turning a hand crank. It was made inShow MoreRelated Yojimbo : Ideology and Interpretation Essay1180 Words   |  5 Pagesthe conflict of man versus machine. The weapon used by the samurai is his sword, which requires an element of skill and entails an entire individual set of ideologies. The brother of one of the gang leaders appears with a gun for the majority of the film. The gun, as a product of man, represents the absence of all of the ideologies that a samurai embodies. 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What Is The Alternative Lengthening Of Telomeres - 900 Words

DNA replication results in the gradual shortening of telomeres over time, leading to the activation of senescence or apoptosis. Therefore, telomere length is a key biological signal to limit the indefinite proliferation of somatic cells (Roumelioti, et al., 2016). However, cancer cells can overcome telomere shortening by synthesising a new telomeric DNA from an RNA template through the expression of telomerase (Roumelioti, et al., 2016). Alternatively, 10-15% of human cancers utilise a DNA template in a homology-directed synthesis mechanism called alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) (Cesare Reddel, 2010). However, the process by which DNA damage such as telomeric shortening results in the execution of homology-directed synthesis,†¦show more content†¦However, ATR, Rad51 and Hop2 were not required for break-induced telomere synthesis in ALT cells and in fact, knockdown of each gene increased the levels of nascent telomeres. To further support their findings, Dilley an d colleagues studied VA13 HOP2 CRISPR clones lacking Hop2 protein expression and found that no telomere shortening took place. From these findings, the authors could therefore propose that break-induced telomere synthesis and ALT telomere maintenance can occur independently of Rad51-Hop2 and ATR. Dilley and co-workers subsequently determined that the replicative DNA polymerase Pol , including POLD3, POLD4 and POLD1 subunits, were instead required for break-induced telomere synthesis. Whereas Pol , Pol -primase and MCM2-7 replicative helicase were found to be nonessential and were recruited at far lower levels. The POLD3 subunit is also part of the Pol ÃŽ ¶ complex involved in translesion synthesis. However, the REV3L catalytic subunit of Pol ÃŽ ¶ was not required for break-induced telomere synthesis, suggesting POLD3 primarily acts through Pol . This major role of POLD3 has been supported in studies that revealed POLD3 depletion resulted in decreased frequency of replicated ALT telomeres (Roumelioti, et al., 2016). Overall, the results by Dilley et al led to the suggestion that an alternative replisome is required for ALT telomere synthesis. Having proven that Pol is dominantly recruited to TRF1-FokI damage sites, Dilley et al set outShow MoreRelatedScientific Literature Focused On Chromosomal Dna And Dna, Blood Leukocytes, Sputum, And Buccal Cells2398 Words   |  10 PagesChromosomal Telomere Length (TL) In Blood Leukocytes, Sputum, and Buccal Cells as It Relates to Cancer Occurrences by: Andy Barajas Bio 490, Fall 2014 Department of Biological Sciences California State Polytechnic University, Pomona Abstract This is a conglomeration of scientific literature as it relates telomere length in blood cells to the occurrence of cancer. Telomeres are composed of repeating TTAGGG nucleotides and they are found at the ends of chromosomes. These chromosomal caps are what protect

Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness Free Essays

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 17109201 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2012. 1. 5 Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness ——A Probe into the Character of Emily A Rose for Emily is a short story written by American author William Faulkner first published in the April 30, 1930 issue of Forum. We will write a custom essay sample on Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness or any similar topic only for you Order Now It describes the tragedy of a typical southern lady, Miss Emily, who is deeply victimized in her character and mind by the conventional system of the South and patriarchy; thus even though she wants to fight, she still fails to confront and deal with the changes caused by the shock of northern industrialization all by herself and finally leads to destruction and self-destruction on the way of pursuing happiness. This essay concentrates on exploring the character of Emily with the efforts she has made for her life and especially the reasons for her failure in â€Å"fighting† from the three aspects as Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness, (the well-known phrase applied from the United States Declaration of Independence). 1. The Backup of Early Life As a descendent of the southern conventional noble family, Emily was born in the environment full of the thought of feudalism and hierarchy which makes her acquire not only the attitude of arrogance and indifference to common people, but, most importantly, the habit of obedience to her father. Before her father dies, he is the only one Emily could rely on in her family. Therefore, there should be no blame to her that she depended on her father when she was still young, just as most of us would depend on our parents during our childhood and youth. However, the fact the she gets to be thirty and is still single reveals the abnormality of the dependence. Actually, it is no longer pure dependence on her father. Instead, the dependence has developed into over obedience which then is taken advantage of by her father to control her completely under the constraint of the old southern tradition. The control is just described by William Faulkner as the tableau, â€Å"Miss Emily a slender figure in white in the background, her father a spraddled silhouette in the foreground, his back to her and clutching a horsewhip, the two of them framed by the back-flung front door†. The father, a typical symbol of patriarchy, clutching a horsewhip, acts as a tyrant. It’s him who holds the Griersons always a little too high for what they really are and uses his horsewhip, which exactly symbolizes patriarchy, to beat off all of the young men who come to make proposals to his daughter, Miss Emily, believing that no one is quite good enough for her. In fact, in his opinion, none of the young men are quite good enough not for his daughter, but for the old southern tradition and its dignity. He never regards Emily as an independent individual. On the contrary, he regards her as the tool to maintain their dignity in the conventional system. However, Emily has been regarding her father as the whole backup of her life since she was born. What’s more, she has been in this state for more than thirty years. She has long been used to this dependence and even allows this kind of dependence to conquer her strong desire for free life and love. To her, this dependence is just her whole life. Therefore, when her father dies, she cannot accept the fact because her father is her whole dependence and the dependence is just her whole life. Her father’s death has also deprived all the hope of her life. Her father and the old tradition her father represents are the root of Emily’s tragedy; thus, her father’s death should be regarded as the chance for Emily to free herself from the constraint of the conventional system. It’s the beginning of Emily’s fighting for her own life, liberty and happiness. 2. Liberty Getting rid of her father’s control is just like releasing from a prison. After a long time of being sick, she is seen again with hair cut short and looks like a girl, which declares the beginning of her liberty. However, Faulkner describes her as resembling to those angels in colored church windows—sort of tragic and serene. The word of â€Å"tragic† seems to have indicated the sad ending of Emily’s life even though she has the chance to gain liberty. And the reason lies on Emily’s wrong interpretation of liberty. From the description by Faulkner, after her father’s death, the character of Emily appearing before the readers is still such an arrogant and indifferent person typically symbolizing the old tradition. It is clearly known by the readers that actually Emily never frees herself from the fetter of the conventional system even though she has gotten rid of her father’s control. However, Emily sees her liberty from a different angle. To her, liberty means to live in a way she has long been used to at her own will. Since her father died, nobody and nothing can ever take her under control any more. Therefore, she ignores all the others’ denouncing the smell of her house, vanquishes the new generation’s demanding her taxes and rejects the newer generation’s attaching a mailbox. She still carries her head high enough—even when others all believe that she is fallen, because the way of living she has been used to is just to maintain dignity as much as she can in the environment of the old southern tradition. She refuses to free herself from the conventional system because it’s the very place she feels relatively free. In contrast, the new world with all those changes caused by the shock of northern industrialization is where she will feel unsafe, uneasy and uncomfortable. Similarly in the film The Shawshank redemption, the two people, the old log, Brooks, and one of the protagonists, Red, have much difficulty in adjusting themselves to the life outside after they get their parole from decades of imprisonment. Brooks even commits suicide and Red can never pea unless asking for permission. And Emily has also been imprisoned for more than thirty years which has made her long ago assimilated by the old tradition. Emily has made efforts for her life and liberty after her father’s death. Unfortunately, she interprets her liberty in the way which is against the development of the new world both in aterial and spiritual aspects. And her false interpretation is still due to the over thirty years’ imprisonment of patriarchy and the conventional system of the South. 3. The Pursuit of Happiness Even though the living style has been assimilated by the convention, there is still something that everyone is born with including Emily. That is the desire for happiness. Emily lives in her own old world but all alone. She earns liberty but lacks happiness. Therefore, when Homer Barron shows up, she believes that he is the source of her happiness and makes up her mind to grasping the slight of hope. However, the chance of gaining happiness is ruined again by the conflict between her old world and the shock of northern industrialization. What’s worse, finally she leads to the road of destruction and self-destruction by her extreme desire resulting from patriarchy and the old tradition’s severe oppression Homer Barron, a Yankee, comes from the north and symbolizes the northern industrialization, which is definitely against the old tradition and even some basic principles of Emily’s own old world such as the feature of dignity. But on the other side, he seems to Emily the hope for her happiness. As a woman oppressed by spiritual loneliness for such a long time, the desire for love and happiness is strong enough to for Emily to conquer the continual restraint of conventional hierarchical thought. As a result, she goes out of the old house, which symbolizes the convention, with her head high and together with Homer Barron with his hat cocked and a cigar in his teeth, reins and whip in a yellow glove driving in the glittering buggy on Sunday afternoons. She even decides to marry him by buying a complete outfit of men’s clothing regardless of all the objects and conflicts. During this period, she has gradually become deeply trapped in the love and happiness with Homer Barron. She has been oppressed by patriarchy and the southern convention for more than thirty years, and now the love she is experiencing is so unique and incomparable that it has become the whole happiness of her life and that it is impossible for her to let it go. If Homer Barron isn’t going to leave her, then the love and happiness will certainly continue. However, as the symbol of northern industrialization, Homer Barron holds a completely opposite attitude towards the relationship with Miss Emily. He just regards it as a pure way of entertainment without any responsibility, which is a sharp conflict between not only Homer and Emily, but also the morals of northern industrialization and the old southern convention. Under the pressure of the conflicts and the long-term victimization by patriarchy and the convention, Emily’s character and mind has been completely deformed. In the end, to prevent the happiness from disappearing, Emily takes drastic measures as killing Homer and let the body stay with her forever so that her love and happiness will also never leave. This measure finally destroys her whole life and leaves her a complete tragedy as well as Homer Barron. In this extraordinary short story, the character of Emily William Faulkner created has made some efforts to earn her own life and liberty and even persist in the pursuit of happiness. However, her life is based on patriarchy and the conventional system of the South for more than 30 years; the liberty she goes after is still trapped in the old tradition; and her pursuit of happiness comes across the conflicts between the southern old tradition and the shock of northern industrialization. All of these negative factors lead to the final tragic destruction. References Olga W. Vickery. The Novels of William Faulkner: A Critical Appraisal [M]. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1964 Fang Yigui [ ]. [J]. ,2007 1 Liu Aiying [ ]. [J]. ,1998 2 Liu Zhuo [ ] Peng Changliu [ ]. : [J]. ,2004 5 Wang Minqin [ ]. [J]. ,2002 2? ,? 66-69 Xiao Minghan [ ].  ·. : ,1997? How to cite Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness, Papers

Walter Pater and Luca Dell Robbia Aesthetic Ideas Essay Example For Students

Walter Pater and Luca Dell Robbia Aesthetic Ideas Essay A sea of an aromatic royal blue is what first caught my eye in the Museum of Fine Arts. A color so captivating it was almost calling my name. Luca Della Robbias sculpture Virgin and Child with Lilies ? is what I choose to describe. Out of all of Della Robbias sculptures, why did I choose this one? While viewing the sculpture I felt almost a connection with the subjects projected in the art. The mother had only eyes of love watching her baby curiously grabbing at nearby flowers. The angels above also seemed to be watching over the pair; approving of the mothers loving embrace and ecstatic over the childs curiosity and seemingly future genius. The art makes me feel a sort of peace or serenity. Seeing the mother care for her child reminds me of my own mother; it brings me a feeling of nostalgia. The royal blue sky reflects a calmness in me that really has me enjoying the art. Giving me a feeling of pleasure, the art has me totally engrossed in only it. In The Renaissance: Studies in Art and Poetry ?, author Walter Pater describes what he believes a true aesthetic critic should possess and feel when they examine art. We will write a custom essay on Walter Pater and Luca Dell Robbia Aesthetic Ideas specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now One thing Pater says an aesthetic critic should do is to see the object as it really is, instead of abstractly define art or beauty. The critic should instead focus on the effects the work itself provokes. Pater asks a series of questions pertaining to the art. Doe does this art affect me? Does this art make me feel pleasure? What is this specific arts meaning to me? All of these questions should come up when really describing a work of art. Notice how Pater brings up the individual in every question. An aesthetic critic should focus on how that art made them feel and reach to have their best ideas on the work come through. When Pater talks specifically of Luca Della Robbia he conveys how the Tuscan artist has expression in his pieces. The whole essence of their work is expression, the passing of a smile over the face of a child, the ripple of the air on a still day over the curtain of a window ajar. ? (Pater) Luca Della Robbia overcame limitation or hard realism (one sided presentment of mere form) in sculpture. He did this by combining high art and low art (Michelangelo and Greek sculptors) to create both passion and pure form. Pater discusses how you must bring whats inward to the surface to create expression. If I had not ever read Pater, I dont think I would have noticed the piece of art. Remembering Paters advice to the critic, I really asked myself how the art affected me. I noticed how the art individually made me feel and not how it was made for the public; which is something I would not do otherwise. By reading the Luca Della Robbia chapter I was able to witness how Della Robbia really brought new life to his work with color to a could be ordinary sculpture. I really saw how Della Robbia combined high and low art, just like Pater said. The art had a feeling of expression. I saw how hard realism was overcome. I felt as though the piece showed precise details; like the look of the mothers loving face and the childs curious glance. Della Robbia really brought life to the piece, which made it very easy to enjoy and understand. In conclusion, Luca Della Robbia was a very influential artist, that combined sculpting and works of art. He used expression. Because of reading Pater I was really able to understand the art I was looking at. I learned how to really criticize something art I would probably have not looked twice at. I noticed new details and emotions.